CRISPR-based engineering of P. goldsteinii may yield smart therapeutic strains: (i) Context-responsive systems: ROS-inducible IL-10 expression for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy in colitis models (Skrypnyk et al., 2024); (ii) Precision delivery platforms: Engineered strains secreting metabolites (e.g., 7-keto-LCA) to repair NSAID-induced epithelial damage. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is colitis.