Phage MS2 primarily enters cells via caveolin-mediated endocytosis, selectively upregulating pro-oncogenic genes such as androgen receptors, AKT, and integrins, transiently affecting viability, and this may induce long-term alterations in the signaling dependencies of cancer cells, potentially offering a novel therapeutic strategy for combination regimens with AKT/MAPK pathway inhibitors (Sanmukh et al., 2021a, 2023). Here, AKT1 is linked to cancer.