AFP and neoplasm: Compared to the HAIT group, the HAIT-M-P group demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) clinical benefits in PFS among the following subgroups: males, patients aged <60 or ≥60 years, HBsAg-positive individuals, those with AFP ≤400 ng/mL, Child-Pugh grade A, with or without cirrhosis, multiple tumors, tumor size ≤5 cm, absence of PVTT, and those receiving TACE.