This suggests that targeting the IL-10 signaling pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis (28, 29).These findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory factor-mediated macrophage-epithelial cell interactions, providing a theoretical foundation for developing multi-target synergistic anti-lithiasis therapies (Figure 1). Here, IL10 is linked to nephrolithiasis susceptibility caused by SLC26A1.