VEGFA and neoplasm: Specifically, checkpoint inhibitors and depletion agents are designed to overcome immunosuppressive cell populations such as Tregs and MDSCs; vascular normalization strategies (e.g., anti-VEGF therapy) target abnormal tumor vasculature to improve immune cell delivery; ECM-modulating agents (e.g., hyaluronidase-based therapies) reduce matrix density to facilitate T cell penetration; and metabolic modulators aim to restore nutrient and oxygen availability in hypoxic or metabolically suppressive regions of the TME.