TGFB1 and neoplasm: CAFs, along with immune cells such as regulatory T-cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), contribute further to the hostile environment by releasing immunosuppressive cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which reduce T-cell function (6, 19).