TGFB1 and neoplasm: Multiple studies have shown that tumor-associated macrophages can secrete various cytokines, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGFβ1, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, and basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), that facilitate tumor cell proliferation and survival (123).