NFKB1 and colitis: used an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal crypt epithelial cell (IEC-6) model and an in vivo DSS-induced UC mouse model to demonstrate that Lactobacillus paracasei L21 and its heat-inactivated postbiotic mitigated DSS colitis similarly attenuated DSS-colitis by modulating the NF-κB and HIF1α/AhR-IL-22-mucin 2 (MUC2) axes (92).