AuNPs inhibit ovarian carcinoma invasiveness by targeting key oncogenic pathways: impeding MAPK signaling, suppressing EMT-associated proteins, and disrupting the IGFBP2/mTOR/PTEN autoregulatory axis, downregulating IGFBP2, suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation, and reactivating PTEN (130, 131). Here, IGFBP2 is linked to ovarian carcinoma.