INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In diet-induced obesity or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models, this bacterium can reverse insulin resistance, metabolic endotoxemia, body fat accumulation, and abnormal brain glucose metabolism (Higarza et al., 2021; Mruk-Mazurkiewicz et al., 2024), through mechanisms that include improving peripheral free fatty acid and glucose metabolic utilization and enhancing insulin sensitivity (Ou et al., 2020).