TNF and depressive disorder: In a zebrafish model of T2DM with depression, after 30 days of intervention with pasteurized A. muciniphila, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) levels significantly decreased, and anti-inflammatory IL-4 expression increased, resulting in the direct inhibition of neuroinflammation (Qu et al., 2025).