Table 1 lists the most common proteins in both diseases, reflecting an inflammation-related signature. They include Th2 and Th1 cytokines and their receptors - IL-13, IL-4R, IFNG, and IFNGR1/IFNGR2 - reinforcing the role of Th2 and Th1 responses in UC and AD pathogenesis. IL-13 and IL-4 are potential plasma biomarkers in AD [60], while serum IL-13 is a candidate biomarker in UC [61]. IL-18 promotes Th0 differentiation into Th1 cells and stimulates IFNG production, contributing to pathology in both AD [62] and UC [63], [64]. Here, IL4R is linked to Alzheimer disease.