TNF and infection: Although anti‐TNF‐α monoclonal antibodies can alleviate symptoms, systemic administration has limitations: ≈30% primary non‐response, 20%–40% secondary failure, and risks of infection, hypersensitivity, and anti‐drug antibodies.[45, 46] Additionally, the large size (≈150 kDa) of conventional antibody drugs hinders mucus penetration, limiting local delivery.[47]