TNF and Parkinson disease: In line with this, we have previously demonstrated that different molecular biomarkers—including total and oligomeric a‐syn, total tau, and phosphorylated tau (pS199tau), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), and the key autophagy protein microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 beta (MAPLC3b)—can be reliably detected and quantified in the saliva of de novo PD patients, identifying variance in molecular pathways besides a‐syn that could explain the pathological heterogeneity underlying PD subtypes [14].