Results showed that compared with the control group, the width and length of hippocampal PSD in the T2DM and Pg groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.001), and the PSD width and length in the T2DM/Pg group were further reduced in the Pg + T2DM group (P < 0.001, Fig. 4B). Here, JUP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.