Furthermore, in a separate ICU validation cohort (n = 50, comprising 33 non-AKI and 17 AKI patients, Supplementary Table 1), We performed an ROC analysis comparing suPAR to two established kidney injury biomarkers: cystatin C (CysC) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG).The analysis revealed comparable diagnostic performance between suPAR (AUC = 0.74) and CysC (AUC = 0.75), while β2-MG exhibited superior discriminative power (AUC = 0.85), as presented in Supplementary Fig. 1. Here, HLA-G is linked to acute kidney injury.