Translational rodent studies reinforce this axis: EF-M2 administration in mouse collagen-induced arthritis and rat cyclophosphamide cystitis models produced parallel rises in ARG1/iNOS, suppressed paw swelling or bladder inflammation, and normalised nocifensive behaviour—effects abrogated by CLEC10A blockade or macrophage depletion [27]. Here, NOS2 is linked to chronic cystitis.