Notably, AhR has been shown to be up-regulated during infection with several coronaviruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MHV and CCoV-II [40,90,102,103,104,105]. This evidence concerns the gene AHR and infection.