INS and diabetes mellitus: This strategy leverages the most clinically relevant and readily accessible variables to identify subtypes that reflect the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease: GADA (glutamate decarboxylase antibodies), BMI (body mass index), HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), age of onset of diabetes, homeostatic models to evaluate β-cell functionality (HOMA2-B), and resistance to insulin (HOMA2-IR) from fasting glucose and C-peptide.