PTGS2 and neoplasm: Furthermore, the disruption of the intestinal barrier and the invasion of microbiota activate inflammatory factors associated with tumor progression, including the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), interleukin (IL) 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)/prostaglandin E2, and IL-23/T helper (Th) 17 signaling pathways [11].