Following a viral infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as viral nucleic acids or proteins, and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), actin, and uridine diphosphate (UDP), are recognized by PRRs, thereby promoting the activation of an early antiviral immune response [28,29,30]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.