HSP90AA1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Although our network pharmacology analysis identified multiple potential targets (e.g., AKT1, IL6, HSP90AA1), we prioritized the PI3K/AKT pathway for experimental validation due to its central role in colon cancer tumorigenesis and its well-established relevance in related research, over other pathways such as HIF-1 or mTOR.