TBSE suppresses PI3K–Akt–mTOR signaling, shifts the Bax/Bcl-2 balance and activates caspase-9/3, culminating in apoptosis. SS-a sequentially activates caspase-4, then caspase-2/8/3, thereby inducing apoptosis and reducing tumor volume in vivo. Here, CASP9 is linked to neoplasm.