TNF and neoplasm: SS-b2 raises STK4 expression, which in turn lowers IRAK1 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65, diminishes IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α production and restrains tumor growth. SS-d blocks the p-STAT3/C-EBPβ axis, decreases COX-2 and reverses the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, thereby activating caspase-3/9-mediated apoptosis. BCP arrests the cell cycle in the S phase and triggers apoptosis in tumors.