Research indicates that the flavonoids BCE-20 and BCE-70 [107] contained in Bupleurum can exert anti-epileptic effects by modulating the TREM/NF-κB/IκB signaling transduction pathway, while its volatile oil components [108] effectively ameliorate epilepsy-related symptoms through the regulation of dual signaling pathways involving Bcl2/Bax/caspase 3 and Notch1/GABA/GAD/GIRK. Here, GAD1 is linked to epilepsy.