TGFB1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Interestingly, the effects of TGF-β1 in BPH are related to dysfunction of luminal epithelial barrier of the prostate, leading to fibrosis and inflammation, stromal cell differentiation and stimulation of extracelluar matrix (ECM) production rather than cell proliferation itself, and it is considered a promising therapeutic target in BPH [18,23].