TGFB1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Gene expression levels of 5AR1, 5AR2, AR, TGF-β1, FGF-1, SOD1, GR, Akt1, BCL-2, CASP3, TNF, and NF-κB in the BPH group were significantly upregulated compared to the NC group, while CAT, CASP3, and TNF levels remained insignificant between groups (Figure 8).