Gene expression levels of 5AR1, 5AR2, AR, TGF-β1, FGF-1, SOD1, GR, Akt1, BCL-2, CASP3, TNF, and NF-κB in the BPH group were significantly upregulated compared to the NC group, while CAT, CASP3, and TNF levels remained insignificant between groups (Figure 8). Here, CAT is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.