CASP3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Further analysis identified the top 10 hub genes based on their degree of connectivity within the network, including alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), caspase 3 (CASP3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), providing insight into the key proteins that may mediate the therapeutic effects of paeonol in BPH (Figure 2C).