REN and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: There were no significant differences between survivors and non-survivors in terms of age, sex, body mass index, Society of Thoracic Surgeons mortality risk score, history of chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, implanted valve type, contrast volume, hemoglobin levels, ejection fraction, mean aortic valve gradient, QRS duration, aVR-R wave amplitude, and medical treatment (use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, or renin–angiotensin system inhibitors).