TNF and memory impairment: It significantly modulated the oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, CAT, MDA, and NO), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), neurotrophic factors (CREB, BDNF), apoptotic markers (NFkB, caspase-3, caspase-9), and neurotransmitters (NE, DA, and GABA) in METH-induced memory-impaired rats.