INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: Exploring gene and protein expression changes in key signaling pathways such as ovarian steroidogenesis, insulin signaling (AMPK, PI3K/Akt), inflammatory cascades (TNF-α, IL-6), and oxidative stress markers (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD) would greatly enhance our understanding of how thymoquinone exerts its therapeutic effects in PCOS.