TPH1 and rheumatoid arthritis: Circulating Tfh (cTfh) and Tph cells in RA patients exhibit distinct metabolic profiles: cTfh cells show heightened glucose metabolism, particularly glycolysis, and are more potent in B cell activation and antibody production, whereas Tph cells demonstrate elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and express high levels of cytotoxicity-related molecules such as BLIMP-1 and T-bet, as well as markers of cellular senescence [44].