Additionally, in the livers of HFD-fed rats, we observed significant upregulation of mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tnf-α and Il-6, which are not only key drivers of MASLD progression [49] but also act in concert with the chemokine CCL2 to stimulate macrophage infiltration [50,51,52]. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.