A 2025 meta-analysis showed that selenium, alpha-lipoic acid, zinc, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) supplementation significantly improved insulin resistance markers (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); HOMA for β cell function (HOMA-B); quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI)) in GDM patients [68]. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.