IRS1 and polycystic ovary syndrome: Conversely, EVs secreted by the ovary in PCOS encompass miR-103, PTP1B, and pro-inflammatory proteins that affect adipocytes, thereby enhancing IKKβ–NF-κB signalling, phosphorylating IRS-1 at Ser307, and facilitating the degradation of insulin receptor β-subunits via proteasomes, exacerbating insulin sensitivity [136].