SIRT1 and Hyperglycemia: Shan et al. in their case–control study (50 patients with DR undergoing vitrectomy as the cases and 40 patients with idiopathic macular holes undergoing vitrectomy as the controls) with additional cell-based experiments using high glucose treated HRECs and HMECs, associate hyperglycemia induced miR-195 upregulation with SIRT1 reduction and concomitant acceleration of cell apoptosis in the diabetic retina [124].