In fact, HMGB1 and HMGB2 have previously been described to act in conjunction with transcription factors, including p53 [51,52], and we have also found that HMGB3 is involved in facilitating transcription of the DNA damage response kinases, ATR and CHK1, in human ovarian cancer cells [30]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and ovarian carcinoma.