CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction: In this study, HSaVEC, HITAEC, and HMVEC also showed an overexpression of ICAM1 protein and elevated release of interleukin-6 and MCP-1/CCL2 upon TNF-α stimulation, which has been accompanied by the upregulation of the corresponding genes, together suggesting their relevance for studying endothelial dysfunction.