INS and overnutrition: In 2011, Barbara Corkey proposed in her Banting lecture that long-term overnutrition (excess nutrient ingestion), food additives, artificial sweeteners, and environmental factors induce hyperinsulinemia superimposed on a susceptible genetic background of basal insulin levels, and she suggested that this combination of factors may be major cause of the current increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity [15] (Figure 3).