Benlier et al. compared urinary HMGB1 in bladder cancer vs. UTI very explicitly and found overlapping values, highlighting that infections and other inflammatory uropathies can raise HMGB1, and thus, reduce specificity; Singh et al. further showed tissue/serum correlations but emphasized the need for controls with benign inflammatory conditions. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is bacterial urinary tract infection.