After adjusting for DA and stratifying by disease duration, patients with PsA showed significantly lower Gal1 plasma levels (p = 0.001), while those with CD (p = 0.034) and SLE (p = 0.023) exhibited significantly higher levels compared to HD (Figure 3, left panel; Supplementary Table S3). This evidence concerns the gene LGALS1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.