PTGS2 and neoplasm: Based on this, the study aimed to provide a deeper insight into the molecular processes underlying effects of TA on tumor growth, angiogenesis and immunomodulation, with an emphasis on macrophage polarization, levels of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9 and COX-2, microvessel density, and cytokine release, as well as its potential to induce DNA damage in tumor and blood cells.