CXCL12 and cancer: It has been shown that TA interferes with several critical pathways involved in cancer development and progression, including NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, ERK1/2, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK/STAT, RAS/RAF/mTOR, TGF-β1/TGF-β1R axis, VEGF/VEGFR signaling and CXCL12/CXCR4 axis [16,30,31,32,33,34].