CD40 and inflammatory bowel disease: Dharmasiri et al. [2] demonstrated for the first time (and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry) that intestinal macrophages from IBD patients display both M1 and M2 features, as recently described for tumor-associated macrophages that influence key pathways for IBD pathology, represented by markers such as matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP12), CXCL9, and CD40.