NFKB1 and osteoarthritis: Polyphenols, such as curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, and propolis-derived molecules including pinocembrin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, have attracted interest in osteoarthritis because they mitigate pro-inflammatory signaling (e.g., NF-κB), activate cytoprotective pathways (Nrf2/HO-1), and reduce catabolic mediators implicated in cartilage breakdown (e.g., MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5) [22,23,24].