In the context of tumourigenesis, cells within the tumour ecosystem produce cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other molecules, such as TGF-β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-6 and IL-8, Tumour Necrosis Factor TNF-β, CXCL-1, and VEGF. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.