During bacterial sepsis, the increased release of extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP, an alarmin) increases the cytotoxic action of CD4CD8αα T cells in the IEL compartments, as indicated by the increased expression of GzmB and perforin that induces gut epithelial cell death and damage to increase gut permeability and further spread of the infection and inflammation [385]. Here, PRF1 is linked to infection.