The plasma concentrations of six key regulators of angiogenesis (ANGPT-1, ANGPT-2, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C) were compared among the LEAD, AAA, and VV groups, employing the same comparative framework used for the gene expression analysis (LEAD vs. AAA, LEAD vs. VV, and AAA vs. VV). Here, TGFB1 is linked to triple-A syndrome.