ESR1 and neoplasm: In this study, after confirming these prior observations, we explored the downstream mechanisms by which the PTEN/PKM2/ERα/Glo1/MG-H1 axis regulates PC3 cell proliferation, with particular emphasis on the involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1), a tumor suppressor increasingly recognized for its role in cancer biology [37,38,39].