Clinical pilot data from fasting-mimicking diet trials in cancer patients (e.g., breast and prostate cancer, phase I–II) report decreased circulating levels of MDSC-related cytokines (IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 [CCL2], granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]), suggesting indirect modulation of MDSC expansion [17]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and cancer.