In addition, inconsistent reporting of diabetes duration, glycemic control, and medication adherence, along with limited data on concurrent AF-modifying therapies (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, sodium–glucose transportase-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), and anti-arrhythmics), raises concern for residual confounding and limits causal inference (Supplementary Table S5). The gene discussed is GLP1R; the disease is atrial fibrillation.