AARS1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines, AARS1 lactylated NUDT21 at lysine 23 (K23), which enhanced NUDT21’s interaction with cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6 (CPSF6), forming the CFIm complex and promoting distal polyadenylation site (dPAS) selection in ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) pre-mRNA [58].