MCL1 and acute myeloid leukemia: α2β1-mediated adhesion activates the MAPK/ERK pathway, which suppresses doxorubicin-induced JNK activation and sustains the pro-survival protein Mcl-1, contributing to drug resistance; this mechanism was also observed in AML cell lines HL-60 and U937, further supporting α2β1-collagen’s role in chemo-resistance [35].