Nevertheless, patients with HF of ischemic etiology showed increased levels of serum GDF15 (non-ischemic etiology: 1653.1 [1092.5–2408.9] pg/mL; ischemic etiology: 2984.5 [1895.9–3843.0] pg/mL, p < 0.001) (Figure 1C). Here, GDF15 is linked to hydrops fetalis.