Since GDF15 has been found to be related to atherosclerotic CV disease [27,28,29,30], HF [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] and ID [33,34], we hypothesized that, in patients with HF and ID, serum GDF15 levels may improve the classification of ischemic HF. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and hydrops fetalis.