qRT-PCR analysis further demonstrated that the expression of hypertrophy-related markers, including natriuretic peptide A (Nppa), Nppb, and myosin heavy chain 7 (Myh7), was markedly elevated in the DCM group relative to the CON group, while all exercise modalities considerably suppressed their expression (Figure 3C–E). Here, NPPA is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.