TNF and ulcer disease: In ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats, DDP exerted dose-dependent protection: low doses (100 mg/kg/d) reduced ulcer index, increased SOD/GSH-Px (1.5–1.8-fold), decreased MDA (30–35%), and elevated PGE2; high doses (400 mg/kg/d) further inhibited serum TNF-α/IL-6 (25–40%) and improved histopathology.